Qab zib yog ib yam khoom noj uas neeg noj ntau tshaj plaws hauv ntiaj teb, feem ntau yog los ntawm qab zib thiab beets qab zib. Kev tsim cov qab zib zoo yog ib qho txheej txheem nyuaj uas muaj ntau theem: rho tawm, ua kom pom tseeb, ua kom qhuav, ua kom siv lead ua thiab ua kom huv. Txhua theem ntawm kev ua cov qab zib, yuav tsum tswj kom zoo thiab huv ntawm cov kua qab zib. Cov khoom tsis huv ntuj, xws li cov khoom me me, cov protein, cov xim thiab cov kab mob me me, tuaj yeem cuam tshuam loj heev rau kev ua kom pom tseeb, kev lim dej thiab kev siv lead ua.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg ua lub luag haujlwm tseem ceeb hauv cov txheej txheem ua qab zib niaj hnub no. Yog tsis muaj kev tswj hwm tshuaj lom neeg kom zoo, cov khoom tsis huv no tuaj yeem ua rau muaj kev sib xyaw, teeb meem xim thiab poob cov zis. Cov tshuaj ua qab zib tsis yog tsuas yog txhim kho kev ua haujlwm thiab cov zis xwb, tab sis kuj txhim kho cov khoom zoo, txo kev siv hluav taws xob, thiab pab cov chaw tsim khoom ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig. Cov tshuaj lom neeg no tuaj yeem:
- Txhim kho qhov ua kom pom tseeb thiab cov nyhuv sib cais ntawm cov khoom khov-kua.
- Tiv thaiv kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob me me hauv cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo thiab cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo.
- Txhim kho qhov decolorization nyhuv ntawm cov suab thaj dawb purity siab.
- Tswj kev tsim cov ua npuas dej thiab scaling hauv lub evaporator thiab lub tshuab nqus tsev evaporator.
Tsab xov xwm no siv cov qab zib ua piv txwv los piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem ua qab zib. Nws kuj piav qhia txog cov tshuaj sib txawv - cov tshuaj flocculants, cov tshuaj tua kab mob, cov tshuaj decolorizing thiab cov tshuaj defoamers - tau siv rau txhua theem kom ntseeg tau tias kev ua haujlwm zoo thiab kev tsim cov qab zib zoo.
Cov Txheej Txheem Tsim Qab Zib thiab Kev Siv Tshuaj
Kev Npaj Khoom Siv Raw
Kev tsim cov suab thaj pib nrog kev sau thiab npaj cov khoom siv raw. Cov suab thaj raug ntxuav thiab txiav kom tshem tawm cov av, pob zeb thiab nplooj. Nyob rau theem no, yog tias cov kua txiv tso rau ntev, nws yuav pib yug cov kab mob me me. Txhawm rau kom txo cov kab mob me me ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv raw, tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj ntawm cov kua txiv qab zib lossis kev puas tsuaj thaum lub sijhawm saccharification, qee zaum siv cov tshuaj tua kab mob rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov suab thaj, dej khaws cia lossis cov khoom siv ntxuav.
| Hom tshuaj tua kab mob | Kev Ntsuas Pom Zoo | Txoj Kev Thov | Cov Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb | Cov kev ceev faj | Cov txiaj ntsig |
| Sodium Hypochlorite (NaClO) | 50–200 ppm cov tshuaj chlorine dawb | Txau los yog muab cov av qab zib tso rau hauv av rau 5-10 feeb | Kev tua kab mob dav dav, txo cov kab mob me me | Tswj qhov concentration (feem ntau yog 50–200 ppm chlorine dawb). Tsis txhob muaj chlorine ntau dhau nyob rau hauv cov kua txiv kom tiv thaiv cov xim lossis teeb meem crystallization. Yaug lossis lim dej tom qab siv yog tias xav tau. | Kev siv tshuaj tua kab mob dav dav; tus nqi qis. |
| Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate (SDIC) | 50–150 ppm cov tshuaj chlorine dawb | Txau los yog muab cov av qab zib tso rau hauv av rau 5-10 feeb | Kev ruaj khov siab, kev ua haujlwm kom tsis muaj menyuam muaj zog | Tswj cov tshuaj chlorine dawb kom tsis txhob cuam tshuam rau cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo crystallization thiab xim. | Ruaj khov dua li sodium hypochlorite; ua haujlwm tau zoo; tswj cov chlorine seem; siv dav hauv cov chaw ua zaub mov. |
| Hydrogen Peroxide (H₂O₂) | 0.1%–0.5% | Ntxiv rau hauv dej ntxuav lossis txau saum npoo | Kev ua kom tsis muaj kab mob, tsis muaj cov khoom seem, tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig | Tswj kev sib xyaw ua ke; feem ntau yog 0.1–0.5% rau kev kho qhov chaw. Ua tib zoo thaum lub sijhawm ua haujlwm. | Decomposes tsis muaj residue; muaj kev nyab xeeb thiab tus phooj ywg ib puag ncig. |
| Dej Kub / Pa Dej | Dej kub ntawm 80-90 ° C los yog pa dej ntawm 100 ° C | Ntxuav nrog dej kub los yog kev kho mob nrog lub zog rau 2-5 feeb | Kev ua kom tsis muaj tshuaj lom neeg ntxiv | Siv hluav taws xob ntau; xav tau cov khoom siv tsim nyog; ua raws li kev ceev faj kev nyab xeeb. | Tsis muaj tshuaj ntxiv; txo cov tshuaj seem. |
| Kev Tua Kab Mob Hauv Dej Rau Kev Ntxuav Lub Hoobkas / Chaw Ua Haujlwm | SDIC, 50–100 ppm | Kev ntxuav cov khoom siv, cov tsheb thauj khoom | Tiv thaiv kev ua qias tuaj thib ob | Tsis tu ncua hloov thiab saib xyuas qhov concentration ntawm cov tshuaj chlorine dawb. | — |
Kev Xyaum Ua Kom Pom Zoo
Thaum cov suab thaj nkag mus rau hauv lub hoobkas, nws yuav raug ntxuav nrog dej huv kom tshem tawm cov av thiab cov khoom tsis huv.
Tom qab ntawd, kev tua kab mob ntawm qhov chaw yog ua los ntawm kev txau cov tshuaj SDIC lossis sodium hypochlorite uas muaj cov concentration tsawg raws li cov xwm txheej.
Cov chaw dej thiab cov khoom siv ntxuav ntawm lub Hoobkas qab zib kuj yuav tsum tau tua kab mob tsis tu ncua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov chaw huv si.
Kev rho kua txiv
Tom qab thawj kauj ruam ntawm kev ntxuav thiab tua kab mob. Kauj ruam tom ntej yog rho cov kua txiv qab zib. Feem ntau cov kua txiv no raug rho tawm los ntawm kev nias lossis kev sib kis. Kauj ruam no cuam tshuam nrog kev rhuav tshem cov qauv tawv ntawm qab zib thiab rho cov kua txiv tawm ntawm nws.
Feem ntau, lub tshuab kua txiv qab zib muaj peb lub tshuab sib tsoo ua ke nrog lub tshuab txiav lossis cov hniav tig. Tom qab ua tiav cov qab zib ntawm ib txoj siv conveyor, nws yuav raug xa mus rau lwm txoj siv conveyor kom rho cov kua txiv ntxiv. Txawm li cas los xij, ua ntej thauj mus los, yuav muaj dej nchuav ua ntej kom rho cov kua txiv ntxiv. Cov seem tom qab kua txiv hu ua bagasse.
Cov kua txiv muaj cov khoom tsis huv uas yaj tau thiab cov uas raug nchuav tawm, suav nrog cov fiber ntawm cov nroj tsuag, cov protein thiab txawm tias cov av uas tau ntxuav tag. Cov khoom tsis huv no yuav tsum tau kho kom zoo dua qub ntawm kev ua kom huv thiab ua kom cov dej khov zoo.
Kev piav qhia txog kua txiv kab ntxwv
Kev ua kom cov kua txiv ntshiab yog qhov tseem ceeb tshaj plaws nyob rau theem pib ntawm cov txheej txheem ua qab zib. Lub hom phiaj yog tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv (xws li av, protein, colloid, organic acid, thiab lwm yam) ntawm cov kua txiv qab zib thiab txhim kho nws qhov huv. Feem ntau, Cov Txheej Txheem Lime raug saws, ua ke nrog txoj kev phosphorus flotation lossis txoj kev carbonation.
Kev siv tshuaj lom neeg
Txiv qaub ntsuab (CaO) / mis txiv qaub ntsuab (Ca(OH)2): Ua kom cov tshuaj acidic tsis muaj zog thiab ua rau cov khoom tsis huv.
Cov pa roj carbon dioxide (CO2)2) (siv rau hauv txoj kev carbonation): Tshuaj nrog txiv qaub los ua cov calcium carbonate precipitate, uas nqus cov impurities.
Kev pab txhawb nqa flocculant/coagulant: Pab cov khoom khov uas raug tshem tawm kom sai.
Feem ntau siv: Polyaluminium chloride (PAC), polyacrylamide (PAM), thiab lwm yam.
Sulfur (SO4)2) lossis sodium sulfite: Nws ua lub luag haujlwm hauv kev ua kom dawb, tshem tawm xim thiab ua kom tsis muaj menyuam hauv phosphorus flotation.
Kev lim thiab kev ua kom sov ua ntej
Tom qab ua kom cov kua txiv ntshiab lawm, yuav tsum tau lim kom cov av qias tawm. Kev ua kom cov kua txiv kub ua ntej ua pa yog qhov tseem ceeb heev, vim nws pab txo qhov viscosity ntawm cov kua txiv thiab tiv thaiv cov kab mob me me kom loj hlob.
Kev Ua Pa thiab Kev Sib Sau Ua Ke
Cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo ces muab sib xyaw ua ib lub syrup siv lub tshuab evaporator ntau yam, txo cov dej noo ntawm kwv yees li 85% mus rau 30-40%. Kev evaporation ntawm lub tshuab nqus tsev pab tswj qhov zoo ntawm cov suab thaj, tab sis nws kuj muaj qee qhov teeb meem hauv kev ua haujlwm:
- Cov protein uas yaj thiab cov surfactants ua rau muaj ua npuas ncauj.
- Kev sib sau ua ke ntawm cov nplai ntawm qhov chaw ntawm evaporator.
Cov Ntawv Thov Tshuaj:
Cov Tshuaj Tua Ua Npuas Ncauj: Cov tshuaj tua ua npuas ncauj uas muaj silicone rau kev tua ua npuas ncauj thaum kub siab. Cov tshuaj tua ua npuas ncauj uas muaj polyether thiab fatty alcohol uas tsim nyog rau cov kua txiv hmab txiv ntoo uas muaj npuas nruab nrab.
Cov Tshuaj Tiv Thaiv/Cov Tshuaj Uas Ua Rau Cov Khoom Tawm: Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj calcium carbonate lossis sulfate scale hauv cov evaporator.
Kev Cuam Tshuam: Kev tswj cov ua npuas dej zoo thiab kev tiv thaiv cov nplai ua kom cov evaporation du, ua kom muaj cua sov hloov pauv zoo dua, thiab lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm tsawg dua.
Kev ua kom muaj pob zeb
Cov txheej txheem crystallization hauv kev tsim cov suab thaj (feem ntau hu ua boiling hauv kev lag luam) yog ib kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv kev hloov cov kua qab zib concentrated mus rau hauv cov khoom siv sucrose khov kho. Cov kua qab zib concentrated raug rhaub hauv lub lauj kaub nqus tsev kom pib crystallization qab zib. Crystallization kom zoo yog qhov tseem ceeb rau cov suab thaj, qhov loj ntawm crystal, thiab xim. Qhov no yog ib qho txheej txheem physicochemical nyuaj uas tsim los tswj qhov loj thiab kev sib xws ntawm cov khoom siv sucrose precipitated.
Cov tshuaj ua npuas dej feem ntau siv rau hauv cov txheej txheem no. Cov tshuaj ua npuas dej tswj kev ua npuas dej thaum lub sijhawm npau, tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj dej qab zib ntws dhau.
Kev siv lead ua kom ruaj khov ua rau cov suab thaj ntau ntxiv thiab txo qhov poob thaum lub sijhawm centrifugation.
Kev Centrifugation & Kev Sib Cais
Tom qab ua cov siv lead ua, cov siv lead ua raug cais tawm ntawm cov molasses siv lub centrifuge thiab tom qab ntawd ziab los ntawm cov kav dej kub. Cov molasses tuaj yeem ua tiav ntxiv rau kev tsim ethanol, pub tsiaj, lossis lwm yam kev siv.
Kev Tshem Xim thiab Kev Txhim Kho
Kev tshem xim thiab kev ua kom zoo yog theem kawg hauv cov txheej txheem ua suab thaj, feem ntau yog siv rau hauv kev tsim cov suab thaj dawb uas muaj cov khoom huv siab (xws li suab thaj granulated lossis suab thaj pob zeb). Theem no yuav tsum tau siv cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov khoom nqus dej ntau heev.
Cov tshuaj siv feem ntau muaj xws li:
Cov pa roj carbon ua kom nquag (hmoov lossis granules): Nqus cov polyphenols, caramel, thiab lwm yam pigments.
Tshem tawm cov resins/ion exchange resins: Tshem tawm cov ionic thiab cov non-ionic colored compounds.
Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂): Oxidizes cov pigments seem, ua kom cov xim syrup sib dua.
Cov neeg sawv cev tshem xim: Xyuas kom cov nqi ICUMSA qis thiab qhov pom kev zoo.
Cov saum toj no piav qhia txog cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb thiab cov ntawv thov tshuaj hauv kev lag luam qab zib.
Cov Tshuaj Lom Zem Qhia Txog:
Yuav kho cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev lag luam qab zib li cas?
Cov chaw tsim khoom qab zib tsim cov dej khib nyiab thaum lub sijhawm tsim khoom qab zib. Cov dej khib nyiab no muaj ntau yam zoo thiab muaj kuab paug ntau, xav tau kev kho dej kom zoo ua ntej tso tawm.
Cov dej khib nyiab feem ntau yog los ntawm kev ntxuav cov khoom siv raw, kev ntxuav cov khoom siv, cov dej khib nyiab ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim suab thaj, dej txias / condensate, thiab boiler blowdown. Cov dej khib nyiab no muaj COD thiab BOD siab heev (vim muaj suab thaj), cov khoom khov kho siab, muaj zog biodegradable, thiab qee zaum muaj roj thiab av xuab zeb. Yog li ntawd, kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem - kev kho ua ntej + coagulation thiab sedimentation + kev kho mob biological + kev kho mob siab heev - feem ntau yog siv los kho cov dej khib nyiab no. Cov txheej txheem kho mob feem ntau suav nrog kev kho lub cev (xws li sedimentation thiab lim dej), kev kho tshuaj (xws li coagulation thiab neutralization), thiab kev kho mob biological (xws li cov txheej txheem sludge activated thiab cov av noo tsim).
Yuav tsum muaj cov tshuaj dab tsi los kho cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev lag luam qab zib?
Cov kauj ruam tshwj xeeb thiab cov ntawv thov tshuaj lom neeg yog raws li nram no:
| Theem Kev Kho Mob | Lub Hom Phiaj | Cov Tshuaj Pom Zoo | Cov Haujlwm Tseem Ceeb |
| 1. Kev Ntxuav Khoom Siv Raw & Kev Kho Mob Ua Ntej | Tshem tawm cov xuab zeb, av nkos, cov fibers, cov khoom khov uas raug tshem tawm | PAC (Polyaluminum Chloride) | Kev coagulation sai, tshem tawm SS thiab turbidity |
| PAM (Polyacrylamide) - Anionic/Nonionic | Kev tsim cov floc, ua rau kev sib xyaw ua ke zoo dua | ||
| Tshuaj ua npuas ncauj | Tswj cov ua npuas ncauj uas tsim tawm thaum lub sijhawm ntxuav pas nrig thiab rho kua txiv | ||
| 2. Kev Sib Npaug & Kev Kho pH | Tswj qhov zoo ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg, kho pH rau cov txheej txheem downstream | Txiv qaub ntsuab (CaO / Ca(OH)₂) | Ua kom pH nce ntxiv, tshem tawm qhov nyuaj ib nrab |
| Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH) | Kev kho pH kom raug | ||
| Sulfuric Acid / Hydrochloric Acid | Txo pH | ||
| Tshuaj ua npuas ncauj | Txo cov npuas dej hauv lub tais sib npaug | ||
| 3. Kev Coagulation & Flocculation (Kev Nqus Dej Thawj Zaug) | Tshem tawm cov khoom tawg, colloids, xim; txo COD | PAC / PolyDADMAC / Polyamine | Cov tshuaj coagulants tseem ceeb rau kev tshem tawm qhov turbidity thiab xim |
| PAM (Anionic) | Txhim kho lub zog floc thiab kev nrawm ntawm kev sib sau ua ke | ||
| Cov Tshuaj Pab Kom Cov Ntshav Sib Nraus (piv txwv li, Magnesium Silicate) | Txhim kho qhov meej thiab kev ua haujlwm ntawm kev daws teeb meem | ||
| 4. Kev Kho Mob Anaerobic Biological (UASB, EGSB) | Txo cov khoom siv organic ntau (COD, BOD) | Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Haus Ntxiv (N & P qhov chaw) | Tswj cov kab mob me me thiab cov biomass noj qab nyob zoo |
| Cov Khoom Siv Kho pH | Khaws cov pH zoo tshaj plaws (6.8–7.2) rau cov kab mob anaerobic | ||
| Tshuaj ua npuas ncauj | Txo cov ua npuas dej uas cuam tshuam nrog biogas | ||
| 5. Kev Kho Mob Aerobic (Activated Sludge, SBR) | Txo COD, BOD, ammonia ntxiv | Cov Khoom Noj Khoom Haus Ntxiv (N & P) | Muab cov as-ham sib npaug rau cov kab mob me me |
| Tshuaj ua npuas ncauj | Tswj cov ua npuas ncauj thaum lub sijhawm aeration | ||
| Cov kab mob bio-enzymes / cov kab mob me me | Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob hauv lub cev | ||
| 6. Kev Kho Mob Siab Tshaj (Yog tias cov qauv kev tso tawm tsev kho mob nruj heev siv tau) | Txhim kho qhov meej, tshem tawm cov COD seem, SS, xim | Polyamine / PolyDADMAC | Muaj zog tshem tawm cov xim thiab cov av turbidity |
| PAC | Kev tshem tawm SS ntxiv thiab colloid | ||
| PAM (Qhov Hnyav Molecular Siab) | Kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab txhuam zaum kawg | ||
| Cov pa roj carbon ua kom sov | Tshem tawm cov xim, tsw, thiab cov organic residues | ||
| 7. Kev tua kab mob thiab siv dej dua | Xyuas kom muaj kev nyab xeeb ntawm cov kab mob me me rau kev tso tawm lossis rov siv dua | Calcium Hypochlorite | Kev tua kab mob muaj zog |
| Sodium Hypochlorite | Cov tshuaj tua kab mob online feem ntau | ||
| SDIC (Sodium Dichloroisocyanurate) | Kev tso tawm chlorine ruaj khov thiab ntev | ||
| TCCA (Trichloroisocyanuric Acid) | Cov tshuaj chlorine ntau, kev tso tshuaj chlorine qeeb qeeb |
Kev tsim cov suab thaj yog ib qho txheej txheem kev lag luam nyuaj uas xav tau kev tswj hwm meej ntawm txhua theem—txij li kev npaj cov khoom siv raw thiab kev ua kua txiv mus rau kev ua kom pom tseeb, kev ua pa, kev ua kom siv lead ua, kev ua kom huv, thiab kev kho cov dej khib nyiab. Txhua theem muaj nws cov teeb meem, suav nrog cov khoom khov kho, xim, kev ua haujlwm ntawm cov kab mob me me, kev tsim ua npuas ncauj, thiab kev tsim cov nplai. Los ntawm kev koom ua ke cov tshuaj tsim nyog rau hauv txhua theem ntawm cov txheej txheem tsim cov suab thaj, cov chaw tsim suab thaj tuaj yeem ua rau muaj ntau ntxiv, txhim kho qhov zoo ntawm cov siv lead ua, txhim kho xim, txo qhov poob, thiab txo qhov tsis ua haujlwm. Tib lub sijhawm, cov tshuaj lom neeg zoo tshaj plaws pab txhawb rau kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig los ntawm kev kho cov dej khib nyiab zoo dua thiab txo cov tshuaj pov tseg.
Kev xaiv tus khub tshuaj lom neeg zoo tso cai rau cov chaw tsim khoom qab zib kom txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm, xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom zoo sib xws, txuas lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab ua tiav kev ua haujlwm zoo mus sij hawm ntev.