Cov txheej txheem dej kho dej thiab kev siv tshuaj lom neeg
Keeb kwm
Nrog rau txoj kev loj hlob sai ntawm industrialization, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho dej hauv ntau yam kev lag luam yog ua kom pom tseeb. Kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam tsis yog tsuas yog ib qho tseem ceeb txuas los xyuas kom meej qhov kev vam meej ntawm cov txheej txheem, tab sis kuj yog ib qho kev ntsuas tseem ceeb kom ua tau raws li ib puag ncig cov cai thiab kev tsim kho kom ruaj khov.
Hom Kev Kho Dej
| Hom kev kho dej | Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb | Cov khoom siv kho mob tseem ceeb | Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb. |
| Raw dej pretreatment | Ua tau raws li cov cai ntawm cov dej hauv tsev lossis kev lag luam | Natural water source dej | Lim, sedimentation, coagulation. |
| Txheej txheem kev kho dej | Ua raws li cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb | Industrial txheej txheem dej | Softening, desalination, deoxygenation. |
| Circulating dej txias kev kho mob | Xyuas kom cov khoom siv ua haujlwm ib txwm muaj | Circulating dej txias | Kev kho mob. |
| Kev kho dej khib nyiab | Tiv thaiv ib puag ncig | Muaj dej khib nyiab | Kev kho lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj lom neeg. |
| Kev kho dej rov siv dua | Txo kev siv dej tshiab | Siv dej | Zoo ib yam li kev kho dej khib nyiab. |
Feem ntau siv cov tshuaj kho dej
| Qeb | Feem ntau siv tshuaj | Muaj nuj nqi |
| Flocculating tus neeg sawv cev | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam. | Tshem tawm cov khib nyiab thiab cov organic teeb meem |
| Cov tshuaj tua kab mob | xws li TCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, thiab lwm yam | Tua cov kab mob hauv dej (xws li kab mob, kab mob, fungi thiab protozoa) |
| pH adjuster | Aminosulfonic acid, NaOH, txiv qaub, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam. | Tswj dej pH |
| Hlau ion tshem tawm | EDTA, Ion txauv resin | Tshem tawm cov hlau hnyav (xws li hlau, tooj liab, txhuas, cadmium, mercury, npib tsib xee, thiab lwm yam) thiab lwm yam hlau ions tsis zoo hauv dej. |
| Scale inhibitor | Organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids | Tiv thaiv cov nplai tsim los ntawm calcium thiab magnesium ions. Kuj muaj qee yam cuam tshuam ntawm kev tshem tawm cov hlau ions |
| Deoxidizer | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, thiab lwm yam. | Tshem tawm cov pa oxygen los tiv thaiv cov pa oxygen |
| Tus neeg saib xyuas | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Tshem tawm cov nplai thiab impurities |
| Cov oxidants | ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, thiab lwm yam. | Disinfection, tshem tawm cov pa phem thiab txhim kho cov dej zoo, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj Softeners | xws li txiv qaub thiab sodium carbonate. | Tshem tawm cov hardness ions (calcium, magnesium ions) thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov nplai |
| Defoamers/Antifoam | Ncua lossis tshem tawm ua npuas ncauj | |
| Kev tshem tawm | Calcium Hypochlorite | tshem tawm NH₃-N los ntawm cov dej khib nyiab kom ua tau raws li cov qauv tso tawm |
Peb tuaj yeem muab:
Kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam yog hais txog cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam thiab nws cov dej tawm los ntawm lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj lom neeg thiab lwm yam. Kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam, thiab nws qhov tseem ceeb yog xav txog hauv qab no:
1.1 Xyuas kom cov khoom zoo
Tshem tawm cov impurities hauv dej xws li hlau ions, tshem tawm cov khib nyiab, thiab lwm yam kom tau raws li cov kev xav tau ntau lawm thiab ua kom cov khoom zoo.
Inhibit corrosion: Dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide, thiab lwm yam hauv dej tuaj yeem ua rau corrosion ntawm cov khoom siv hlau thiab ua rau lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv luv luv.
Tswj cov kab mob: Cov kab mob, algae thiab lwm yam kab mob hauv dej tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom sib kis, cuam tshuam rau cov khoom zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb.
1.2 Txhim kho ntau lawm efficiency
Txo cov sij hawm poob qis: Kev kho dej tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov cuab yeej scaling thiab corrosion, txo qhov zaus ntawm cov khoom siv tu thiab hloov, thiab yog li txhim kho kev tsim khoom.
Txhim kho cov txheej txheem kom zoo: Los ntawm kev kho dej, dej zoo uas ua tau raws li cov txheej txheem yuav tsum tau ua kom muaj kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov txheej txheem ntau lawm.
1.3 Txo cov nqi tsim khoom
Txuag lub zog: Los ntawm kev kho dej, cov cuab yeej siv hluav taws xob tuaj yeem txo thiab cov nqi tsim khoom tuaj yeem txuag tau.
Tiv thaiv scaling: Hardness ions xws li calcium thiab magnesium ions nyob rau hauv dej yuav tsim scale, ua raws li qhov saum npoo ntawm cov cuab yeej, txo cov thermal conduction efficiency.
Txhim kho cov cuab yeej siv lub neej: Txo cov khoom siv corrosion thiab scaling, txuas cov cuab yeej siv lub neej, thiab txo cov nqi khoom siv.
Txo cov khoom siv: Los ntawm kev kho dej, cov khib nyiab ntawm biocides tuaj yeem txo thiab cov nqi tsim khoom tuaj yeem txo.
Txo cov khoom siv raw: Los ntawm kev kho dej, cov khoom siv raw hauv cov kua khib nyiab tuaj yeem rov qab tau thiab muab rov qab rau hauv kev tsim khoom, yog li txo cov khoom pov tseg ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom.
1.4 Tiv thaiv ib puag ncig
Txo cov pa phem emissions: Tom qab kho cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam, qhov concentration ntawm cov pa phem tuaj yeem txo qis thiab cov dej ib puag ncig tuaj yeem tiv thaiv.
Paub txog cov khoom siv dej rov ua dua: Los ntawm kev kho dej, cov dej muaj peev xwm tuaj yeem rov ua dua thiab kev cia siab rau cov dej tshiab tuaj yeem txo.
1.5 Ua raws li kev cai ib puag ncig
Ua kom tau raws li cov qauv emissions: Cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam yuav tsum ua kom tau raws li lub teb chaws thiab hauv zos emission qauv, thiab kev kho dej yog ib qho tseem ceeb kom ua tiav lub hom phiaj no.
Hauv cov ntsiab lus, kev kho dej kev lag luam tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo, tab sis kuj tseem muaj txiaj ntsig rau kev lag luam thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ntawm kev lag luam. Los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kho dej tsim nyog, kev siv dej kom zoo tuaj yeem ua tiav thiab kev txhim kho kev lag luam muaj txiaj ntsig zoo tuaj yeem txhawb nqa.
Kev kho dej muaj ntau yam kev lag luam, suav nrog lub zog, tshuaj, tshuaj, tshuaj, metallurgy, khoom noj khoom haus thiab dej haus kev lag luam, thiab lwm yam.
2.1 Influent Treatment (Raw Dej Pretreatment)
Raw dej pretreatment nyob rau hauv industrial dej kho mas muaj xws li thawj pom, coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation, flotation, tshuaj tua kab mob, pH hloov, hlau ion tshem tawm thiab zaum kawg pom. Feem ntau siv tshuaj muaj xws li:
Coagulants thiab flocculants: xws li PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam.
Softeners: xws li txiv qaub thiab sodium carbonate.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob: xws li TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, thiab lwm yam.
pH adjusters: xws li aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, txiv qaub, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam.
Hlau ion tshem tawm EDTA, Ion txauv resin thiab lwm yam.,
inhibitor: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam.
Adsorbents: xws li activated carbon, activated alumina, thiab lwm yam.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab siv cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem pab kho cov dej hauv kev lag luam kom tshem tawm cov teeb meem uas raug tshem tawm, cov pa phem, cov hlau ions thiab cov kab mob hauv dej, xyuas kom cov dej zoo raws li cov kev xav tau ntau lawm, thiab txo lub nra ntawm kev kho mob tom ntej.
2.2 Txheej Txheem Kev Kho Dej
Cov txheej txheem dej kho hauv kev kho dej feem ntau suav nrog pretreatment, softening, deoxidation, tshem tawm hlau thiab manganese, desalination, sterilization thiab tshuaj tua kab mob. Txhua kauj ruam yuav tsum muaj cov tshuaj sib txawv los txhim kho cov dej kom zoo thiab ua kom muaj kev ua haujlwm zoo ntawm ntau yam khoom siv. Cov tshuaj muaj xws li:
| Coagulants thiab flocculants: | xws li PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam. |
| Softeners: | xws li txiv qaub thiab sodium carbonate. |
| Cov tshuaj tua kab mob: | xws li TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, thiab lwm yam. |
| pH adjusters: | xws li aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, txiv qaub, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam. |
| Hlau ion tshem tawm: | EDTA, Ion txauv resin |
| Scale inhibitor: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam. |
| Adsorbents: | xws li activated carbon, activated alumina, thiab lwm yam. |
Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua tau raws li cov kev xav tau sib txawv ntawm cov txheej txheem dej los ntawm cov txheej txheem kev kho dej sib txawv, xyuas kom meej tias cov dej ua tau raws li cov qauv tsim, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm cov khoom puas tsuaj, thiab txhim kho kev tsim khoom.
2.3 Circulating Cooling Water Treatment
Kev kho cov dej txias yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv cov chaw lag luam feem ntau (xws li cov nroj tsuag tshuaj, cov nroj tsuag hluav taws xob, cov nroj tsuag steel, thiab lwm yam), qhov twg cov dej txias tau siv dav rau cov cuab yeej txias thiab cov txheej txheem. Circulating dej txias tshuab yog raug rau scaling, corrosion, microbial loj hlob thiab lwm yam teeb meem vim lawv loj dej ntim thiab nquag ncig. Yog li ntawd, txoj kev kho dej kom zoo yuav tsum tau siv los tswj cov teeb meem no thiab ua kom lub zog ruaj khov.
Circulating txias dej kho lub hom phiaj los tiv thaiv scaling, corrosion thiab lom kab mob nyob rau hauv lub system thiab xyuas kom meej txias efficiency. Saib xyuas qhov tseem ceeb ntawm cov dej txias (xws li pH, hardness, turbidity, yaj oxygen, kab mob, thiab lwm yam) thiab txheeb xyuas cov teeb meem dej zoo rau kev kho mob.
| Coagulants thiab flocculants: | xws li PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam. |
| Softeners: | xws li txiv qaub thiab sodium carbonate. |
| Cov tshuaj tua kab mob: | xws li TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, thiab lwm yam. |
| pH adjusters: | xws li aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, txiv qaub, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam. |
| Hlau ion tshem tawm: | EDTA, Ion txauv resin |
| Scale inhibitor: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam. |
| Adsorbents: | xws li activated carbon, activated alumina, thiab lwm yam. |
Cov tshuaj thiab cov kev kho mob no pab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob scaling, corrosion, thiab microbial paug, xyuas kom lub sij hawm ntev kev ruaj ntseg ntawm cov dej txias system, txo cov khoom puas thiab zog noj, thiab txhim kho system efficiency.
2.4 Kev kho dej khib nyiab
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho dej khib nyiab tuaj yeem muab faib ua ntau theem raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab cov hom phiaj kev kho mob, feem ntau suav nrog pretreatment, acid-base neutralization, tshem tawm cov organic teeb meem thiab tshem tawm cov khib nyiab, kev kho nruab nrab thiab qib siab, tshuaj tua kab mob thiab kom tsis muaj menyuam, sludge kho thiab rov siv dua kev kho dej. Txhua qhov txuas yuav tsum muaj cov tshuaj sib txawv los ua haujlwm ua ke los xyuas kom meej qhov ua tau zoo thiab ua tiav ntawm cov txheej txheem kho dej khib nyiab.
Kev kho dej khib nyiab tau muab faib ua peb txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb: lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg, txhawm rau ua kom tau raws li cov qauv emissions thiab txo cov pa phem ib puag ncig.
Txoj kev siv lub cev:sedimentation, pom, flotation, thiab lwm yam.
Txoj kev tshuaj:neutralization, redox, tshuaj nag lossis daus.
Cov txheej txheem biological:activated sludge method, membrane bioreactor (MBR), thiab lwm yam.
Cov tshuaj muaj xws li:
| Coagulants thiab flocculants: | xws li PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam. |
| Softeners: | xws li txiv qaub thiab sodium carbonate. |
| Cov tshuaj tua kab mob: | xws li TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, thiab lwm yam. |
| pH adjusters: | xws li aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, txiv qaub, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam. |
| Hlau ion tshem tawm: | EDTA, Ion txauv resin |
| Scale inhibitor: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam. |
| Adsorbents: | xws li activated carbon, activated alumina, thiab lwm yam. |
Los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj no zoo, cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam tuaj yeem kho tau thiab tso tawm raws li cov qauv, thiab txawm tias rov siv dua, pab txo kev ua qias tuaj ib puag ncig thiab kev siv dej.
2.5 Kev kho dej rov siv dua
Kev kho dej rov siv dua yog hais txog txoj kev tswj hwm dej uas rov siv cov dej khib nyiab tom qab kho. Nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov peev txheej dej ntau ntxiv, ntau qhov chaw ua lag luam tau siv cov kev ntsuas dej siv rov ua dua tshiab, uas tsis tsuas yog txuag dej, tab sis kuj txo tus nqi kho thiab tawm. Tus yuam sij rau kev kho dej rov siv dua yog tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab kom cov dej zoo ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau siv dua tshiab, uas yuav tsum tau ua kom raug thiab thev naus laus zis.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho dej rov ua dua tshiab feem ntau suav nrog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
Pretreatment:tshem tawm cov khoom loj ntawm impurities thiab roj, siv PAC, PAM, thiab lwm yam.
Kev kho pH:kho pH, feem ntau siv tshuaj muaj xws li sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, thiab lwm yam.
Kev kho mob lom:tshem tawm cov organic teeb meem, txhawb microbial degradation, siv ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, thiab lwm yam.
Kev kho tshuaj:oxidative tshem tawm cov organic teeb meem thiab hnyav hlau, feem ntau siv ozone, persulfate, sodium sulfide, thiab lwm yam.
Membrane sib cais:siv rov qab osmosis, nanofiltration, thiab ultrafiltration thev naus laus zis kom tshem tawm cov tshuaj yaj thiab ua kom dej zoo.
Tshuaj tua kab mob:tshem tawm cov kab mob, siv chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, thiab lwm yam.
Kev soj ntsuam thiab kev hloov kho:Xyuas kom meej tias cov dej siv rov qab ua tau raws li cov qauv thiab siv cov neeg tswj xyuas thiab cov cuab yeej saib xyuas kev hloov kho.
Defoamers:Lawv suppress los yog tshem tawm ua npuas ncauj los ntawm kev txo qhov nro ntawm cov kua thiab rhuav tshem qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov npuas dej. (Daim ntawv thov scenarios ntawm defoamers: kev kho kab mob lom, tshuaj lom neeg cov dej khib nyiab, kev kho dej khib nyiab, khoom noj khoom haus khib nyiab, kev kho dej khib nyiab, thiab lwm yam.)
Calcium hypochlorite:Lawv tshem tawm cov pa phem xws li ammonia nitrogen
Kev siv cov txheej txheem thiab cov tshuaj no ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov zoo ntawm cov dej khib nyiab kho tau raws li cov qauv siv rov qab, tso cai rau nws siv tau zoo hauv kev tsim khoom.
Kev kho dej kev lag luam yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev lag luam niaj hnub no. Nws cov txheej txheem thiab kev xaiv tshuaj yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo raws li cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Kev siv cov tshuaj muaj txiaj ntsig tsis tuaj yeem txhim kho kev kho mob nkaus xwb, tab sis kuj txo cov nqi thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Nyob rau hauv lub neej yav tom ntej, nrog rau kev nce qib ntawm cov cuab yeej technology thiab kev txhim kho ntawm ib puag ncig kev tiv thaiv cov cai, kev kho dej kev lag luam yuav tsim kom muaj kev txawj ntse thiab ntsuab.