Cov txheej txheem kho dej hauv kev lag luam thiab kev siv tshuaj lom neeg
Keeb Kwm
Nrog rau kev loj hlob sai ntawm kev lag luam, qhov tseem ceeb ntawm kev kho dej hauv ntau yam kev lag luam tau pom tseeb dua. Kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam tsis yog tsuas yog qhov txuas tseem ceeb los xyuas kom meej tias cov txheej txheem ua tiav zoo, tab sis kuj yog qhov tseem ceeb los ua kom tau raws li cov cai ib puag ncig thiab cov kev cai txhim kho kom ruaj khov.
Hom Kev Kho Dej
| Hom kev kho dej | Lub hom phiaj tseem ceeb | Cov khoom kho mob tseem ceeb | Cov txheej txheem tseem ceeb. |
| Kev kho dej ua ntej | Ua kom tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm cov dej hauv tsev lossis dej siv hauv kev lag luam | Cov dej los ntawm cov dej ntuj | Kev lim dej, kev ua kom av noo, kev coagulation. |
| Kev kho dej ua haujlwm | Ua kom tau raws li cov kev cai tshwj xeeb | Cov dej ua haujlwm hauv kev lag luam | Ua kom mos, tshem dej ntsev, deoxygenation. |
| Kev kho dej txias ncig | Xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom siv ua haujlwm li qub | Cov dej txias ncig | Kev kho mob dosing. |
| Kev kho dej khib nyiab | Tiv thaiv ib puag ncig | Cov dej khib nyiab los ntawm kev lag luam | Kev kho mob lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg, thiab kev kho mob biological. |
| Kev kho dej rov ua dua tshiab | Txo kev siv dej tshiab | Cov dej siv lawm | Zoo ib yam li kev kho dej khib nyiab. |
Cov Tshuaj Kho Dej Siv Feem Ntau
| Pawg | Cov tshuaj siv feem ntau | Kev Ua Haujlwm |
| Tus neeg sawv cev ua kom cov khoom sib xyaw | PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam. | Tshem tawm cov khoom seem thiab cov organic teeb meem |
| Cov tshuaj tua kab mob | xws li TCCA, SDIC, ozone, chlorine dioxide, Calcium Hypochlorite, thiab lwm yam | Tua cov kab mob me me hauv dej (xws li cov kab mob bacteria, cov kab mob virus, cov fungi thiab protozoa) |
| Tus kho pH | Aminosulfonic acid, NaOH, txiv qaub ntsuab, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam. | Tswj cov pH dej |
| Cov tshuaj tshem tawm cov hlau ion | EDTA, Ion pauv resin | Tshem tawm cov hlau hnyav ions (xws li hlau, tooj liab, txhuas, cadmium, mercury, nickel, thiab lwm yam) thiab lwm yam hlau ions phem hauv dej |
| Cov tshuaj tiv thaiv kab mob | Cov tshuaj organophosphates, cov tshuaj organophosphate carboxylic acids | Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cov calcium thiab magnesium ions ua rau cov nplai. Kuj muaj qee yam zoo ntawm kev tshem tawm cov hlau ions |
| Tus neeg tshem tawm cov tshuaj lom neeg | Sodium sulfite, hydrazine, thiab lwm yam. | Tshem tawm cov pa oxygen uas yaj hauv dej kom tiv thaiv kev xeb ntawm cov pa oxygen |
| Tus neeg ntxuav | Citric acid, sulfuric acid, aminosulfonic acid | Tshem tawm cov nplai thiab cov khoom tsis huv |
| Cov tshuaj oxidant | ozone, persulfate, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen peroxide, thiab lwm yam. | Kev tua kab mob, tshem tawm cov pa phem thiab txhim kho cov dej kom zoo, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj ua kom mos | xws li txiv qaub ntsuab thiab sodium carbonate. | Tshem tawm cov ions tawv (calcium, magnesium ions) thiab txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev tsim cov nplai |
| Cov tshuaj ua npuas ncauj/Tiv thaiv ua npuas ncauj | Tshem tawm los yog tshem tawm cov npuas dej | |
| Kev tshem tawm | Calcium Hypochlorite | tshem tawm NH₃-N ntawm cov dej khib nyiab kom ua tau raws li cov qauv tso tawm |
Cov Tshuaj Kho Dej Peb Muab Tau:
Kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam yog hais txog cov txheej txheem kho cov dej hauv kev lag luam thiab nws cov dej tawm los ntawm kev siv lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg, biological thiab lwm yam. Kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam, thiab nws qhov tseem ceeb tau pom tseeb hauv cov hauv qab no:
1.1 Xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom zoo
Tshem tawm cov khoom tsis huv hauv dej xws li cov hlau ions, cov khoom seem, thiab lwm yam kom tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev tsim khoom thiab xyuas kom meej tias cov khoom zoo.
Tiv thaiv kev xeb: Cov pa oxygen uas yaj, carbon dioxide, thiab lwm yam hauv dej tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom siv hlau xeb thiab ua rau lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv luv dua.
Tswj cov kab mob me me: Cov kab mob, algae thiab lwm yam kab mob me me hauv dej tuaj yeem ua rau cov khoom muaj kuab paug, cuam tshuam rau cov khoom zoo thiab kev nyab xeeb kev noj qab haus huv.
1.2 Txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo dua
Txo lub sijhawm tsis ua haujlwm: Kev kho dej tsis tu ncua tuaj yeem tiv thaiv cov khoom siv kom tsis txhob lwj thiab xeb, txo qhov zaus ntawm kev saib xyuas thiab hloov cov khoom siv, thiab yog li txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntau lawm.
Txhim kho cov txheej txheem ua haujlwm: Los ntawm kev kho dej, cov dej zoo uas ua tau raws li cov kev cai ntawm cov txheej txheem tuaj yeem tau txais los xyuas kom meej tias cov txheej txheem tsim khoom ruaj khov.
1.3 Txo cov nqi tsim khoom
Txuag hluav taws xob: Los ntawm kev kho dej, kev siv hluav taws xob ntawm cov khoom siv tuaj yeem txo qis thiab cov nqi tsim khoom tuaj yeem txuag tau.
Tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj qhov scaling: Cov ions hardness xws li calcium thiab magnesium ions hauv dej yuav tsim cov nplai, lo rau ntawm qhov chaw ntawm cov khoom siv, txo qhov ua tau zoo ntawm kev coj cua sov.
Ntev lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv: Txo cov khoom siv xeb thiab kev tawg, ntev lub neej ntawm cov khoom siv, thiab txo cov nqi poob qis ntawm cov khoom siv.
Txo kev siv khoom siv: Los ntawm kev kho dej, cov pov tseg ntawm cov tshuaj tua kab mob tuaj yeem txo qis thiab cov nqi tsim khoom tuaj yeem txo qis.
Txo kev siv cov khoom siv raw: Los ntawm kev kho dej, cov khoom siv raw uas tseem tshuav hauv cov kua dej khib nyiab tuaj yeem rov qab tau thiab muab rov qab rau hauv kev tsim khoom, yog li txo cov khoom pov tseg ntawm cov khoom siv raw thiab txo cov nqi tsim khoom.
1.4 Tiv thaiv ib puag ncig
Txo cov pa phem: Tom qab cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam raug kho, qhov concentration ntawm cov pa phem tuaj yeem txo qis thiab cov dej ib puag ncig tuaj yeem tiv thaiv tau.
Paub txog kev siv cov peev txheej dej rov ua dua tshiab: Los ntawm kev kho dej, cov dej lag luam tuaj yeem rov ua dua tshiab thiab kev vam khom rau cov peev txheej dej tshiab tuaj yeem txo qis.
1.5 Ua raws li cov cai ib puag ncig
Ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tso pa tawm: Cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam yuav tsum ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tso pa tawm hauv tebchaws thiab hauv zos, thiab kev kho dej yog ib txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb los ua tiav lub hom phiaj no.
Hauv kev xaus lus, kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam tsis yog tsuas yog cuam tshuam nrog cov khoom zoo thiab kev ua haujlwm zoo xwb, tab sis kuj tseem cuam tshuam rau cov txiaj ntsig kev lag luam thiab kev tiv thaiv ib puag ncig ntawm cov tuam txhab. Los ntawm kev tshawb fawb thiab kev kho dej tsim nyog, kev siv cov peev txheej dej zoo tshaj plaws tuaj yeem ua tiav thiab kev txhim kho kev lag luam ruaj khov tuaj yeem txhawb nqa.
Kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam npog ntau yam teb, suav nrog kev siv hluav taws xob, tshuaj lom neeg, tshuaj, metallurgy, khoom noj thiab dej haus, thiab lwm yam. Nws cov txheej txheem kho feem ntau yog kho raws li qhov yuav tsum tau ua ntawm dej thiab cov qauv tso tawm.
2.1 Cov Tshuaj thiab Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Kho Mob Dej Nqus (Kev Kho Mob Dej Ntsws Ua Ntej)
Kev kho dej nyoos ua ntej hauv kev kho dej lag luam feem ntau suav nrog kev lim dej thawj zaug, kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev sib xyaw ua ke, kev tua kab mob, kev kho pH, kev tshem tawm cov hlau ion thiab kev lim dej zaum kawg. Cov tshuaj siv feem ntau suav nrog:
Cov tshuaj coagulants thiab flocculants: xws li PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam.
Cov khoom ua kom mos: xws li txiv qaub ntsuab thiab sodium carbonate.
Cov tshuaj tua kab mob: xws li TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, thiab lwm yam.
Cov tshuaj kho pH: xws li aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, txiv qaub ntsuab, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam.
Cov tshuaj tshem tawm cov hlau ion EDTA, Ion pauv resin thiab lwm yam,
Cov tshuaj inhibitor: organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam.
Cov khoom nqus: xws li cov pa roj carbon activated, activated alumina, thiab lwm yam.
Kev sib xyaw ua ke thiab kev siv cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem pab kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam tshem tawm cov khoom uas raug tshem tawm, cov pa phem organic, cov hlau ions thiab cov kab mob me me hauv dej, xyuas kom meej tias cov dej zoo ua tau raws li qhov xav tau ntawm kev tsim khoom, thiab txo qhov hnyav ntawm kev kho tom qab.
2.2 Cov Tshuaj thiab Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Kho Dej Txheej Txheem
Kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam feem ntau suav nrog kev kho ua ntej, ua kom mos, deoxidation, tshem tawm hlau thiab manganese, desalination, sterilization thiab disinfection. Txhua kauj ruam xav tau cov tshuaj sib txawv los ua kom dej zoo thiab xyuas kom meej tias ntau yam khoom siv hauv kev lag luam ua haujlwm zoo. Cov tshuaj feem ntau suav nrog:
| Cov tshuaj coagulants thiab flocculants: | xws li PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj ua kom mos: | xws li txiv qaub ntsuab thiab sodium carbonate. |
| Cov tshuaj tua kab mob: | xws li TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj kho pH: | xws li aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, txiv qaub ntsuab, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj tshem tawm cov hlau ion: | EDTA, Cov tshuaj pauv pauv Ion |
| Tus neeg tiv thaiv qhov nplai: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov Khoom Uas Nqus Tau: | xws li cov pa roj carbon activated, activated alumina, thiab lwm yam. |
Cov tshuaj no tuaj yeem ua tau raws li qhov xav tau sib txawv ntawm cov dej ua haujlwm los ntawm kev sib xyaw ua ke ntawm cov txheej txheem kho dej sib txawv, xyuas kom meej tias cov dej zoo ua tau raws li cov qauv tsim khoom, txo qhov kev pheej hmoo ntawm kev puas tsuaj rau cov khoom siv, thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm zoo.
2.3 Cov Tshuaj thiab Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Kho Dej Txias Uas Tig Rov Los
Kev kho dej txias uas ncig mus los yog ib feem tseem ceeb heev ntawm kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam, tshwj xeeb tshaj yog nyob rau hauv feem ntau ntawm cov chaw lag luam (xws li cov chaw tsim tshuaj lom neeg, cov chaw tsim hluav taws xob, cov chaw tsim hlau, thiab lwm yam), qhov twg cov tshuab dej txias siv dav rau cov khoom siv thiab cov txheej txheem txias. Cov tshuab dej txias uas ncig mus los yooj yim rau kev tawg, xeb, kev loj hlob ntawm cov kab mob thiab lwm yam teeb meem vim lawv cov dej ntau thiab kev ncig mus los ntau zaus. Yog li ntawd, yuav tsum siv cov txheej txheem kho dej zoo los tswj cov teeb meem no thiab xyuas kom meej tias lub kaw lus ua haujlwm ruaj khov.
Kev kho dej txias uas ncig mus los lub hom phiaj yog tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj av nplaum, xeb thiab muaj kuab lom hauv lub cev thiab xyuas kom ua haujlwm tau zoo. Saib xyuas cov yam ntxwv tseem ceeb hauv dej txias (xws li pH, qhov nyuaj, qhov tsis huv, cov pa oxygen yaj, cov kab mob me me, thiab lwm yam) thiab tshuaj xyuas cov teeb meem zoo ntawm dej rau kev kho mob.
| Cov tshuaj coagulants thiab flocculants: | xws li PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj ua kom mos: | xws li txiv qaub ntsuab thiab sodium carbonate. |
| Cov tshuaj tua kab mob: | xws li TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj kho pH: | xws li aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, txiv qaub ntsuab, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj tshem tawm cov hlau ion: | EDTA, Cov tshuaj pauv pauv Ion |
| Tus neeg tiv thaiv qhov nplai: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov Khoom Uas Nqus Tau: | xws li cov pa roj carbon activated, activated alumina, thiab lwm yam. |
Cov tshuaj lom neeg thiab cov txheej txheem kho mob no pab tiv thaiv kom tsis txhob muaj cov nplais, xeb, thiab cov kab mob me me, xyuas kom lub tshuab dej txias ua haujlwm tau ntev, txo cov khoom siv puas tsuaj thiab siv hluav taws xob, thiab txhim kho kev ua haujlwm ntawm lub tshuab.
2.4 Cov Tshuaj thiab Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Kho Dej Pov Tseg
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam muaj peev xwm muab faib ua ntau theem raws li cov yam ntxwv ntawm cov dej khib nyiab thiab cov hom phiaj kho, feem ntau suav nrog kev kho ua ntej, kev tshem tawm cov kua qaub-base, tshem tawm cov organic matter thiab cov khoom seem, kev kho nruab nrab thiab qib siab, kev tua kab mob thiab kev ua kom tsis muaj menyuam, kev kho cov sludge thiab kev kho dej rov ua dua tshiab. Txhua qhov txuas xav tau cov tshuaj sib txawv los ua haujlwm ua ke kom ntseeg tau tias cov txheej txheem kho cov dej khib nyiab ua haujlwm tau zoo thiab tiav.
Kev kho cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam muab faib ua peb txoj hauv kev tseem ceeb: lub cev, tshuaj lom neeg thiab tshuaj lom neeg, txhawm rau kom ua tau raws li cov qauv kev tso pa tawm thiab txo cov pa phem ib puag ncig.
Txoj kev siv lub cev:kev tso dej tawm, kev lim dej, kev ntab dej, thiab lwm yam.
Txoj kev siv tshuaj lom neeg:neutralization, redox, tshuaj precipitation.
Txoj kev siv tshuaj lom neeg:txoj kev ua sludge activated, membrane bioreactor (MBR), thiab lwm yam.
Cov tshuaj lom neeg feem ntau muaj xws li:
| Cov tshuaj coagulants thiab flocculants: | xws li PAC, PAM, PDADMAC, polyamines, txhuas sulfate, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj ua kom mos: | xws li txiv qaub ntsuab thiab sodium carbonate. |
| Cov tshuaj tua kab mob: | xws li TCCA, SDIC, Calcium Hypochlorite, ozone, chlorine dioxide, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj kho pH: | xws li aminosulfonic acid, sodium hydroxide, txiv qaub ntsuab, sulfuric acid, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov tshuaj tshem tawm cov hlau ion: | EDTA, Cov tshuaj pauv pauv Ion |
| Tus neeg tiv thaiv qhov nplai: | organophosphates, organophosphorus carboxylic acids, thiab lwm yam. |
| Cov Khoom Uas Nqus Tau: | xws li cov pa roj carbon activated, activated alumina, thiab lwm yam. |
Los ntawm kev siv cov tshuaj no kom zoo, cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam tuaj yeem kho thiab tso tawm raws li cov qauv, thiab txawm tias rov siv dua, pab txo cov pa phem ib puag ncig thiab kev siv dej.
2.5 Cov Tshuaj thiab Cov Ntsiab Cai ntawm Kev Kho Dej Rov Siv Dua
Kev kho dej rov ua dua tshiab yog hais txog txoj kev tswj cov peev txheej dej uas rov siv cov dej khib nyiab hauv kev lag luam tom qab kho. Nrog rau qhov tsis txaus ntawm cov peev txheej dej, ntau lub teb kev lag luam tau siv cov kev ntsuas kho dej rov ua dua tshiab, uas tsis yog tsuas yog txuag cov peev txheej dej xwb, tab sis kuj txo cov nqi kho thiab tso tawm. Qhov tseem ceeb rau kev kho dej rov ua dua tshiab yog tshem tawm cov pa phem hauv cov dej khib nyiab kom cov dej zoo ua tau raws li qhov yuav tsum tau siv dua, uas xav tau kev ua tiav thiab thev naus laus zis siab.
Cov txheej txheem ntawm kev kho dej rov ua dua tshiab feem ntau suav nrog cov kauj ruam tseem ceeb hauv qab no:
Kev kho mob ua ntej:tshem tawm cov khoom loj ntawm cov khoom tsis huv thiab roj, siv PAC, PAM, thiab lwm yam.
Kev kho pH:kho pH, cov tshuaj siv feem ntau suav nrog sodium hydroxide, sulfuric acid, calcium hydroxide, thiab lwm yam.
Kev kho mob los ntawm cov tshuaj lom neeg:tshem tawm cov organic matter, txhawb kev puas tsuaj ntawm cov kab mob me me, siv ammonium chloride, sodium dihydrogen phosphate, thiab lwm yam.
Kev kho mob tshuaj:kev tshem tawm oxidative ntawm cov organic teeb meem thiab cov hlau hnyav, feem ntau siv ozone, persulfate, sodium sulfide, thiab lwm yam.
Kev sib cais ntawm daim nyias nyias:siv cov thev naus laus zis rov qab osmosis, nanofiltration, thiab ultrafiltration los tshem tawm cov tshuaj yaj thiab xyuas kom meej tias cov dej zoo.
Kev tua kab mob:tshem tawm cov kab mob me me, siv chlorine, ozone, calcium hypochlorite, thiab lwm yam.
Kev soj ntsuam thiab kev hloov kho:Xyuas kom tseeb tias cov dej uas siv rov qab los ua tau raws li cov qauv thiab siv cov khoom tswj thiab cov khoom siv saib xyuas kom hloov kho.
Cov tshuaj ua npuas ncauj:Lawv tswj lossis tshem tawm cov ua npuas dej los ntawm kev txo qhov nro ntawm cov kua thiab rhuav tshem qhov ruaj khov ntawm cov ua npuas dej. ( Cov xwm txheej siv ntawm cov tshuaj defoamers: cov txheej txheem kho mob biological, kev kho dej khib nyiab tshuaj, kev kho dej khib nyiab tshuaj, kev kho dej khib nyiab zaub mov, kev kho dej khib nyiab ua ntawv, thiab lwm yam.)
Calcium hypochlorite:Lawv tshem tawm cov pa phem xws li ammonia nitrogen
Kev siv cov txheej txheem thiab cov tshuaj no ua kom ntseeg tau tias qhov zoo ntawm cov dej khib nyiab uas tau kho tiav ua tau raws li cov qauv siv dua, ua rau nws siv tau zoo hauv kev tsim khoom lag luam.
Kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam yog ib feem tseem ceeb ntawm kev tsim khoom lag luam niaj hnub no. Nws cov txheej txheem thiab kev xaiv tshuaj yuav tsum tau ua kom zoo raws li cov txheej txheem tshwj xeeb. Kev siv tshuaj lom neeg kom zoo tsis tsuas yog txhim kho cov txiaj ntsig kho mob xwb, tab sis kuj txo cov nqi thiab txo qhov cuam tshuam rau ib puag ncig. Yav tom ntej, nrog kev nce qib ntawm thev naus laus zis thiab kev txhim kho ntawm cov kev cai tiv thaiv ib puag ncig, kev kho dej hauv kev lag luam yuav tsim kho mus rau hauv kev ntse dua thiab ntsuab dua.